MY UNDERSTANDING ON PROGRAMMING SESSION DAY 2 :

Deep Dive into Operators, Language Types, and Programming History**

✅ 1. In Java: & vs && — What’s the Difference?

Operator
Name
What it Does
When to Use

&
Bitwise AND
Compares each bit of two numbers
Used in bitwi…


This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by Vigneshwaralingam

Deep Dive into Operators, Language Types, and Programming History**

✅ 1. In Java: & vs && — What’s the Difference?

Operator Name What it Does When to Use
& Bitwise AND Compares each bit of two numbers Used in bitwise logic
&& Logical AND Checks if both conditions are true Used in if statements 
// Bitwise
int a = 5;  // 0101
int b = 3;  // 0011
System.out.println(a & b); // 0001 → 1

// Logical
if (a > 0 && b < 10) {
   System.out.println("Valid range");
}

✅ 2. Operators in Java vs Python

Type Java Python
Arithmetic + - * / % ++ -- + - * / % // **
Logical `&&
Comparison {% raw %}== != > < == != > <
Assignment = += -= *= = += -= *=
Bitwise `& ^ ~ << >>`

✅ 3. Compare Operators in Java, Python, JS, C++

Concept Java Python JavaScript C++
Equality ==, .equals() ==, is, equals() ==, === ==
Strict Equality N/A N/A === N/A
Increment/Decrement ++, -- ❌ Not available ++, -- ++, --
Power Math.pow ** ** (ES6) pow()

✅ 4. What is Floor Division?

Floor Division (//) gives the largest integer less than or equal to the division result.

7 // 2 = 3  (not 3.5)

✅ 5. Why Is It Called "Floor" Division?

Because it "rounds down" the result to the nearest lower whole number — it applies the mathematical floor function.

✅ 6. Power in Python: / vs // vs **

Operator Meaning Output Type Example
/ Normal Division Float 5 / 2 = 2.5
// Floor Division Integer 5 // 2 = 2
** Power (Exponent) Integer/Float 2 ** 3 = 8

Other languages:

  • Java: Math.pow(2, 3)
  • JS: 2 ** 3
  • C++: pow(2, 3)

✅ 7. Why Python is Dynamically Typed?

  • No need to declare type. 
x = 10  # x is int
x = "hi"  # now x is string

🟢 Python assigns data type at runtime, based on the value.

✅ 8. Why Java is Statically Typed?

  • You must declare type at compile time. 
int x = 10;
x = "hi";  // ❌ Error

🛑 Java checks types during compile time.

🔄 Examples of Dynamic vs Static Languages

Dynamic (Runtime Typed) Static (Compile-time Typed)
Python Java
JavaScript C/C++
Ruby Go

✅ 9. Why No ++ or -- in Python?

Because Python prefers readable and clear syntax:

x += 1  # instead of x++

Also, x++ has side effects and order issues in many languages.

✅ 10. Number of Keywords in Major Languages

Language No. of Keywords Example Keywords
Java 50+ class, public, static, if, else
Python 3.11 36 def, class, import, is, not, None
JS (ES6+) 63 let, const, var, function, return
C++ 95 int, float, namespace, template

📨 Why is it Called "Hotmail"? Who Founded It?

  • Hotmail was founded by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith in 1996.
  • Name idea: included "HTML" in the name → HoTMaiL.
  • It was one of the first web-based email services.

🖥️ First Generation Computers

Category Details
Time 1940–1956
Weight 30 tons (ENIAC)
Size Entire room
Tech Used Vacuum tubes
Programming Machine language (0s & 1s)
Example ENIAC, UNIVAC

📉 Then vs Now:

  • Now: <1kg laptops & smartphones.
  • 1000x faster, 1000x smaller.

✉️ Origins of Email

  • Invented by Ray Tomlinson in 1971
  • Used @ symbol to separate username and host.
  • First message was sent between two computers side-by-side.

🖥️ Origins of Computers

  • Charles Babbage is the "Father of the Computer".
  • Designed the Analytical Engine (1830s)
  • First working computer: ENIAC (1945)

🔤 Origins of Programming Languages

Language Year Inventor Purpose
Assembly 1940s Various Machine-level programs
Fortran 1957 IBM Scientific computing
C 1972 Dennis Ritchie System programming (UNIX)
Python 1991 Guido van Rossum Easy scripting
Java 1995 James Gosling (Sun) Cross-platform enterprise

🧠 What is Machine Language?

  • Lowest-level language (binary)
  • Written in 0s and 1s
  • Directly executed by CPU

🛠️ What is Assembly Language?

  • Low-level, human-readable instructions
  • Uses mnemonics like MOV, ADD, SUB
  • Each assembly line maps to machine code

🧟‍♂️ What is Dead Code?

  • Code that will never be executed.
  • No effect on program output.

Example:

if (false) {
   System.out.println("Dead code");
}

❌ When Will You Get Error with =, ==, ===, equals()?

Syntax Language Purpose
= All Assignment
== All Equality (value)
=== JavaScript only Strict equality (value & type)
.equals() Java Compare object/string contents

🛑 In Python:

if x = 5:  # ❌ Error: assignment in if

✅ Use == in Python for comparison.

if you have any doubts or any changes on this please comment below .


This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by Vigneshwaralingam


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