This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by walcalonee
TCP/IP Model
Network data transfer model. Describes the rules and methods of data transfer from source to recipient over the network. The model is divided into 4 levels, each of which describes its area using the corresponding protocols.
TCP/IP Layers
Application layer
Protocols: HTTP, FTP, DNS, SSH
- Provides interaction between programs and the network.
- Forms the data structure, determines message forms.
- Processing applications, small data transmission and reception.
- Responsible for identification and synchronization implemented by the interface between software and lower levels.
Transport layer
Protocols: TCP, UDP
- Establishes channels for data transmission, controls delivery.
- Performs data segmentation and assembly.
- Addresses streams using ports.
- Provides integrity control, error recovery, and (in the case of TCP) guarantees data delivery.
Internet layer
Protocols: IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, ARP
- Routes packets between different networks.
- Manages logical addressing (IP addresses).
- Responsible for handling errors and special service messages (ICMP).
Link layer
Protocols: Ethernet, WLAN, PPP
- Defines the method of encoding data for transmission at the physical layer.
- Provides error detection and correction, protection against interference.
- Describes the physical transmission medium (twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber, etc)
- Performs data framing and media access control. (The data link layer breaks data into frames and ensures that devices do not speak simultaneously into a common communication channel)
Distribution of protocols by layers of the OSI model
This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by walcalonee
walcalonee | Sciencx (2025-08-09T07:31:33+00:00) 📘 Everything you need to understand about TCP/IP – summary. Retrieved from https://www.scien.cx/2025/08/09/%f0%9f%93%98-everything-you-need-to-understand-about-tcp-ip-summary/
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