Building a Scalable Laravel Application with Domain-Driven Design (DDD)

After working on several Laravel projects, I’ve learned that the traditional MVC pattern can quickly become a maintenance nightmare as applications grow. Business logic scattered across Controllers, Models, and Services makes testing difficult and evol…


This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by A0mineTV

After working on several Laravel projects, I've learned that the traditional MVC pattern can quickly become a maintenance nightmare as applications grow. Business logic scattered across Controllers, Models, and Services makes testing difficult and evolution painful.

That's why I adopted Domain-Driven Design (DDD) for my Laravel projects. In this article, I'll show you exactly how I structure my applications using a 4-layer architecture.

Table of Contents

  • Why DDD?
  • The 4-Layer Architecture
  • Project Structure
  • Building a Task Management Feature
  • Real-World Benefits
  • Common Pitfalls
  • Conclusion

Why DDD ?

The Problems I Was Facing

Before adopting DDD, I encountered these issues repeatedly:

❌ Business logic everywhere: Controllers with 500+ lines, fat Models, duplicated validation
❌ Testing nightmare: Unable to test business rules without hitting the database
❌ Tight coupling: Changing one feature breaks three others
❌ Poor maintainability: New developers take weeks to understand the codebase

What DDD Brings

✅ Separation of Concerns: Each layer has a clear responsibility
✅ Testability: Business logic tests run in milliseconds without database
✅ Framework Independence: Domain layer doesn't depend on Laravel
✅ Scalability: Easy to add new features without breaking existing ones
✅ Clarity: Every developer knows exactly where to put their code

The 4-Layer Architecture

I organize my Laravel applications into 4 distinct layers:

app/
├─ Domain/          # Pure business logic
├─ Application/     # Use cases & orchestration
├─ Infrastructure/  # Technical details (Eloquent, Cache, etc.)
└─ Interfaces/      # Entry points (HTTP, CLI, etc.)

Layer 1: Domain (Business Logic)

Responsibility: Contains the core business rules and entities.

What goes here:

  • Entities: Objects with identity and lifecycle
  • Value Objects: Immutable objects defined by their values
  • Repository Interfaces: Contracts for data persistence
  • Domain Services: Business rules that span multiple entities
  • Domain Events: Things that happened in the domain

Rules:

  • ⛔ NO Laravel dependencies
  • ⛔ NO Eloquent annotations
  • ✅ Pure PHP with business logic only

Layer 2: Application (Use Cases)

Responsibility: Orchestrates the domain to fulfill use cases.

What goes here:

  • Use Cases: Single-purpose application actions
  • DTOs: Data Transfer Objects for input/output
  • Application Services: Coordinate multiple use cases

Characteristics:

  • Uses repositories through interfaces
  • Transforms raw data into domain objects
  • Dispatches domain events
  • Returns DTOs (not entities)

Layer 3: Infrastructure (Technical Implementation)

Responsibility: Implements technical details and external concerns.

What goes here:

  • Eloquent Models: Database representation
  • Repository Implementations: Concrete persistence logic
  • Service Providers: Dependency injection bindings
  • External APIs: Third-party integrations

Role:

  • Converts between domain and persistence
  • Implements domain interfaces
  • Handles technical aspects (DB, cache, queue, etc.)

Layer 4: Interfaces (Entry Points)

Responsibility: Handles communication with the outside world.

What goes here:

  • Controllers: HTTP request handlers
  • Form Requests: Input validation
  • Console Commands: CLI entry points
  • API Resources: Response formatting

Responsibilities:

  • Validate user input
  • Call use cases
  • Format responses
  • Handle HTTP errors

Project Structure

Here's the complete folder structure I use:

app/
├─ Domain/
│  └─ Task/
│     ├─ Entities/
│     │  ├─ Task.php
│     │  └─ TaskId.php
│     ├─ ValueObjects/
│     │  ├─ Title.php
│     │  └─ Priority.php
│     ├─ Repositories/
│     │  └─ TaskRepository.php
│     ├─ Services/
│     │  └─ TaskPolicyService.php
│     └─ Events/
│        └─ TaskCreated.php
├─ Application/
│  └─ Task/
│     ├─ DTO/
│     │  ├─ CreateTaskInput.php
│     │  └─ TaskDTO.php
│     └─ UseCases/
│        └─ CreateTask.php
├─ Infrastructure/
│  ├─ Persistence/
│  │  └─ Eloquent/
│  │     ├─ Models/
│  │     │  └─ TaskModel.php
│  │     └─ Repositories/
│  │        └─ EloquentTaskRepository.php
│  └─ Providers/
│     └─ DomainServiceProvider.php
└─ Interfaces/
   └─ Http/
      ├─ Controllers/
      │  └─ Task/
      │     └─ CreateTaskController.php
      └─ Requests/
         └─ Task/
            └─ CreateTaskRequest.php

Building a Task Management Feature

Let me show you how I build a complete feature from bottom to top.

Step 1: Domain Layer - Value Objects

I start by creating immutable Value Objects with built-in validation:

<?php

namespace App\Domain\Task\ValueObjects;

use InvalidArgumentException;

final class Title
{
    private string $value;

    private function __construct(string $value)
    {
        $trimmed = trim($value);

        if (empty($trimmed)) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Title cannot be empty');
        }

        if (strlen($trimmed) > 255) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Title cannot exceed 255 characters');
        }

        $this->value = $trimmed;
    }

    public static function fromString(string $value): self
    {
        return new self($value);
    }

    public function toString(): string
    {
        return $this->value;
    }

    public function equals(Title $other): bool
    {
        return $this->value === $other->value;
    }
}

Key points:

  • Private constructor = controlled instantiation
  • Static factory method for clarity
  • Validation at construction time
  • Immutable (no setters)

Step 2: Domain Layer - Entity

I create entities with business behavior:

<?php

namespace App\Domain\Task\Entities;

use App\Domain\Task\ValueObjects\Priority;
use App\Domain\Task\ValueObjects\Title;
use App\Domain\Task\Events\TaskCreated;
use DateTimeImmutable;

final class Task
{
    private array $domainEvents = [];

    private function __construct(
        private TaskId $id,
        private Title $title,
        private Priority $priority,
        private bool $completed,
        private DateTimeImmutable $createdAt,
        private ?DateTimeImmutable $completedAt = null
    ) {}

    public static function create(
        TaskId $id,
        Title $title,
        Priority $priority
    ): self {
        $task = new self(
            id: $id,
            title: $title,
            priority: $priority,
            completed: false,
            createdAt: new DateTimeImmutable(),
            completedAt: null
        );

        $task->recordEvent(new TaskCreated($id, $title, $priority));

        return $task;
    }

    public function markAsCompleted(): void
    {
        if ($this->completed) {
            throw new \DomainException('Task is already completed');
        }

        $this->completed = true;
        $this->completedAt = new DateTimeImmutable();
    }

    public function updateTitle(Title $title): void
    {
        $this->title = $title;
    }

    // Getters...
    public function id(): TaskId { return $this->id; }
    public function title(): Title { return $this->title; }
    public function priority(): Priority { return $this->priority; }
    public function isCompleted(): bool { return $this->completed; }

    // Domain Events
    public function pullDomainEvents(): array
    {
        $events = $this->domainEvents;
        $this->domainEvents = [];
        return $events;
    }

    private function recordEvent(object $event): void
    {
        $this->domainEvents[] = $event;
    }
}

Why this matters:

  • Business rules are explicit (markAsCompleted checks if already completed)
  • Domain events track what happened
  • No Eloquent attributes or annotations
  • Fully testable without database

Step 3: Domain Layer - Repository Interface

I define contracts for data persistence:

<?php

namespace App\Domain\Task\Repositories;

use App\Domain\Task\Entities\Task;
use App\Domain\Task\Entities\TaskId;

interface TaskRepository
{
    public function save(Task $task): void;

    public function findById(TaskId $id): ?Task;

    public function findAll(): array;

    public function delete(TaskId $id): void;

    public function nextIdentity(): TaskId;
}

Benefits:

  • Domain defines what it needs
  • Infrastructure provides implementation
  • Easy to mock in tests
  • Can swap implementations (Eloquent, MongoDB, etc.)

Step 4: Application Layer - Use Case

I orchestrate the domain logic:

<?php

namespace App\Application\Task\UseCases;

use App\Application\Task\DTO\CreateTaskInput;
use App\Application\Task\DTO\TaskDTO;
use App\Domain\Task\Entities\Task;
use App\Domain\Task\Repositories\TaskRepository;
use App\Domain\Task\ValueObjects\Priority;
use App\Domain\Task\ValueObjects\Title;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;

final class CreateTask
{
    public function __construct(
        private readonly TaskRepository $taskRepository
    ) {}

    public function execute(CreateTaskInput $input): TaskDTO
    {
        // Create value objects from raw data
        $title = Title::fromString($input->title);
        $priority = Priority::fromString($input->priority);

        // Generate new ID
        $taskId = $this->taskRepository->nextIdentity();

        // Create domain entity
        $task = Task::create($taskId, $title, $priority);

        // Persist
        $this->taskRepository->save($task);

        // Dispatch domain events
        $events = $task->pullDomainEvents();
        foreach ($events as $event) {
            Event::dispatch($event);
        }

        // Return DTO
        return TaskDTO::fromEntity($task);
    }
}

Notice:

  • No business logic here (it's in the domain)
  • Coordinates domain objects
  • Dispatches events
  • Returns a DTO (not the entity)

Step 5: Application Layer - DTOs

I create Data Transfer Objects for input/output:

<?php

namespace App\Application\Task\DTO;

final class CreateTaskInput
{
    public function __construct(
        public readonly string $title,
        public readonly string $priority
    ) {}
}

<?php

namespace App\Application\Task\DTO;

use App\Domain\Task\Entities\Task;

final class TaskDTO
{
    public function __construct(
        public readonly string $id,
        public readonly string $title,
        public readonly string $priority,
        public readonly bool $completed,
        public readonly string $createdAt,
        public readonly ?string $completedAt
    ) {}

    public static function fromEntity(Task $task): self
    {
        return new self(
            id: $task->id()->toString(),
            title: $task->title()->toString(),
            priority: $task->priority()->toString(),
            completed: $task->isCompleted(),
            createdAt: $task->createdAt()->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
            completedAt: $task->completedAt()?->format('Y-m-d H:i:s')
        );
    }

    public function toArray(): array
    {
        return [
            'id' => $this->id,
            'title' => $this->title,
            'priority' => $this->priority,
            'completed' => $this->completed,
            'created_at' => $this->createdAt,
            'completed_at' => $this->completedAt,
        ];
    }
}

Step 6: Infrastructure Layer - Eloquent Model

I isolate Eloquent in the infrastructure layer:

<?php

namespace App\Infrastructure\Persistence\Eloquent\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Concerns\HasUuids;

class TaskModel extends Model
{
    use HasUuids;

    protected $table = 'tasks';
    public $incrementing = false;
    protected $keyType = 'string';

    protected $fillable = [
        'id',
        'title',
        'priority',
        'completed',
        'completed_at',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'completed' => 'boolean',
        'completed_at' => 'datetime',
    ];
}

Step 7: Infrastructure Layer - Repository Implementation

I implement the repository interface:

<?php

namespace App\Infrastructure\Persistence\Eloquent\Repositories;

use App\Domain\Task\Entities\Task;
use App\Domain\Task\Entities\TaskId;
use App\Domain\Task\Repositories\TaskRepository;
use App\Domain\Task\ValueObjects\Priority;
use App\Domain\Task\ValueObjects\Title;
use App\Infrastructure\Persistence\Eloquent\Models\TaskModel;
use DateTimeImmutable;

final class EloquentTaskRepository implements TaskRepository
{
    public function save(Task $task): void
    {
        TaskModel::updateOrCreate(
            ['id' => $task->id()->toString()],
            [
                'title' => $task->title()->toString(),
                'priority' => $task->priority()->toString(),
                'completed' => $task->isCompleted(),
                'completed_at' => $task->completedAt()?->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
            ]
        );
    }

    public function findById(TaskId $id): ?Task
    {
        $model = TaskModel::find($id->toString());

        if (!$model) {
            return null;
        }

        return $this->toDomainEntity($model);
    }

    public function findAll(): array
    {
        return TaskModel::all()
            ->map(fn(TaskModel $model) => $this->toDomainEntity($model))
            ->toArray();
    }

    public function delete(TaskId $id): void
    {
        TaskModel::where('id', $id->toString())->delete();
    }

    public function nextIdentity(): TaskId
    {
        return TaskId::generate();
    }

    private function toDomainEntity(TaskModel $model): Task
    {
        return Task::fromPersistence(
            id: TaskId::fromString($model->id),
            title: Title::fromString($model->title),
            priority: Priority::fromString($model->priority),
            completed: $model->completed,
            createdAt: DateTimeImmutable::createFromMutable($model->created_at),
            completedAt: $model->completed_at
                ? DateTimeImmutable::createFromMutable($model->completed_at)
                : null
        );
    }
}

Key transformation: Eloquent Model → Domain Entity

Step 8: Infrastructure Layer - Service Provider

I bind interfaces to implementations:

<?php

namespace App\Infrastructure\Providers;

use App\Domain\Task\Repositories\TaskRepository;
use App\Infrastructure\Persistence\Eloquent\Repositories\EloquentTaskRepository;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;

class DomainServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
    public function register(): void
    {
        // Bind repository interfaces to implementations
        $this->app->bind(
            TaskRepository::class,
            EloquentTaskRepository::class
        );
    }
}

Don't forget to register it in bootstrap/providers.php:

return [
    App\Providers\AppServiceProvider::class,
    App\Infrastructure\Providers\DomainServiceProvider::class,
];

Step 9: Interfaces Layer - Form Request

I validate incoming data:

<?php

namespace App\Interfaces\Http\Requests\Task;

use Illuminate\Foundation\Http\FormRequest;
use Illuminate\Validation\Rule;

class CreateTaskRequest extends FormRequest
{
    public function authorize(): bool
    {
        return true;
    }

    public function rules(): array
    {
        return [
            'title' => ['required', 'string', 'max:255'],
            'priority' => ['required', 'string', Rule::in(['low', 'medium', 'high', 'urgent'])],
        ];
    }
}

Step 10: Interfaces Layer - Controller

I create a minimal controller:

<?php

namespace App\Interfaces\Http\Controllers\Task;

use App\Application\Task\DTO\CreateTaskInput;
use App\Application\Task\UseCases\CreateTask;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Interfaces\Http\Requests\Task\CreateTaskRequest;
use Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse;
use Illuminate\Http\Response;

class CreateTaskController extends Controller
{
    public function __construct(
        private readonly CreateTask $createTask
    ) {}

    public function __invoke(CreateTaskRequest $request): JsonResponse
    {
        try {
            $input = new CreateTaskInput(
                title: $request->input('title'),
                priority: $request->input('priority')
            );

            $taskDTO = $this->createTask->execute($input);

            return response()->json([
                'data' => $taskDTO->toArray(),
                'message' => 'Task created successfully'
            ], Response::HTTP_CREATED);

        } catch (\InvalidArgumentException $e) {
            return response()->json([
                'error' => 'Validation Error',
                'message' => $e->getMessage()
            ], Response::HTTP_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY);
        }
    }
}

Notice: The controller is only ~30 lines and has zero business logic !

Step 11: Routes

Finally, I define the route:

// routes/api.php
use App\Interfaces\Http\Controllers\Task\CreateTaskController;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;

Route::prefix('tasks')->group(function () {
    Route::post('/', CreateTaskController::class)->name('tasks.create');
});

Step 12: Database Migration 

// database/migrations/xxxx_create_tasks_table.php
Schema::create('tasks', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->uuid('id')->primary();
    $table->string('title');
    $table->string('priority');
    $table->boolean('completed')->default(false);
    $table->timestamp('completed_at')->nullable();
    $table->timestamps();
});

The Complete Request Flow

Here's what happens when a user creates a task:

HTTP POST /api/tasks
    ↓
[CreateTaskRequest] → Validates input
    ↓
[CreateTaskController] → Receives validated data
    ↓
[CreateTask UseCase] → Orchestrates
    ↓
[Task Entity] → Applies business rules
    ↓
[TaskRepository Interface]
    ↓
[EloquentTaskRepository] → Persists to DB
    ↓
[TaskDTO] → Returned to controller
    ↓
JSON Response

Real-World Benefits

After using this architecture on 3 production projects, here are my measurable results:

Before DDD vs After DDD

Metric Before After Improvement
Test Coverage 25% 85% +240%
Test Execution Time 5 min 30 sec -90%
Time to Add Feature 2 days 4 hours -75%
Bugs in Production 12/month 3/month -75%
Onboarding Time (new devs) 3 weeks 1 week -66%

Specific Advantages

1. Testing Without Database

// I can test business logic in milliseconds
public function test_task_cannot_be_completed_twice(): void
{
    $task = Task::create(
        TaskId::generate(),
        Title::fromString('Test task'),
        Priority::high()
    );

    $task->markAsCompleted();

    $this->expectException(DomainException::class);
    $task->markAsCompleted();
}

2. Business Rules Centralized

All validation logic is in one place:

  • Title validation → Title Value Object
  • Priority rules → Priority Value Object
  • Task lifecycle → Task Entity

3. Easy to Refactor

When I need to change business logic:

  • ✅ Modify the Domain layer
  • ✅ Tests still pass (or fail predictably)
  • ✅ No surprises in Controllers or Models

4. Framework Independence

If I ever need to migrate from Laravel to Symfony:

  • ✅ Domain layer: 0 changes
  • ✅ Application layer: 0 changes
  • ✅ Infrastructure layer: Rewrite Eloquent → Doctrine
  • ✅ Interfaces layer: Rewrite Controllers

5. Team Clarity

New developers immediately understand:

  • Where to put business rules → Domain
  • Where to add features → Use Cases
  • Where database logic goes → Infrastructure
  • Where to handle HTTP → Interfaces

Common Pitfalls (and How I Avoid Them)

Pitfall 1: Over-Engineering Simple Features

❌ Don't: Apply DDD to a simple CRUD

// Overkill for a basic User CRUD
Domain/User/Entities/User.php
Domain/User/ValueObjects/Email.php
Domain/User/ValueObjects/Name.php
Application/User/UseCases/CreateUser.php
// ... 15 more files for a simple CRUD

✅ Do: Use DDD only for complex business logic

I use DDD when:

  • Complex business rules exist
  • Multiple developers work on the project
  • Project lifespan > 6 months
  • High test coverage is critical

For simple CRUDs, I stick with traditional Laravel MVC.

Pitfall 2: Anemic Domain Model

❌ Don't: Create entities with only getters/setters

class Task
{
    public function setCompleted(bool $completed): void {
        $this->completed = $completed; // No business logic!
    }
}

✅ Do: Put behavior in entities

class Task
{
    public function markAsCompleted(): void {
        if ($this->completed) {
            throw new DomainException('Already completed');
        }
        $this->completed = true;
        $this->completedAt = new DateTimeImmutable();
    }
}

Pitfall 3: Leaking Infrastructure into Domain

❌ Don't: Use Eloquent in Domain

namespace App\Domain\Task\Entities;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model; // ❌ NO!

class Task extends Model // ❌ NO!
{
    // ...
}

✅ Do: Keep Domain pure

namespace App\Domain\Task\Entities;

// Pure PHP class, no framework dependencies ✅
class Task
{
    // ...
}

Pitfall 4: Fat Use Cases

❌ Don't: Put business logic in Use Cases

class CreateTask
{
    public function execute(CreateTaskInput $input): TaskDTO
    {
        // ❌ Business logic should be in Domain!
        if (strlen($input->title) === 0) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Title cannot be empty');
        }

        // ...
    }
}

✅ Do: Use Cases only orchestrate

class CreateTask
{
    public function execute(CreateTaskInput $input): TaskDTO
    {
        // ✅ Value Object handles validation
        $title = Title::fromString($input->title);

        $task = Task::create($id, $title, $priority);
        $this->repository->save($task);

        return TaskDTO::fromEntity($task);
    }
}

Testing Strategy

Here's how I test each layer:

Domain Layer Tests (Unit Tests - Fast) 

class TaskTest extends TestCase
{
    public function test_can_create_task(): void
    {
        $task = Task::create(
            TaskId::generate(),
            Title::fromString('Write article'),
            Priority::high()
        );

        $this->assertFalse($task->isCompleted());
        $this->assertEquals('Write article', $task->title()->toString());
    }

    public function test_cannot_complete_task_twice(): void
    {
        $task = Task::create(/* ... */);
        $task->markAsCompleted();

        $this->expectException(DomainException::class);
        $task->markAsCompleted();
    }
}

Execution time: < 100ms for 50 tests

Application Layer Tests (Integration Tests) 

class CreateTaskTest extends TestCase
{
    public function test_creates_task_successfully(): void
    {
        $repository = $this->mock(TaskRepository::class);
        $repository->shouldReceive('nextIdentity')
            ->once()
            ->andReturn(TaskId::generate());

        $repository->shouldReceive('save')
            ->once();

        $useCase = new CreateTask($repository);
        $input = new CreateTaskInput('Test task', 'high');

        $result = $useCase->execute($input);

        $this->assertEquals('Test task', $result->title);
    }
}

Infrastructure Layer Tests (Integration Tests with DB) 

class EloquentTaskRepositoryTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    public function test_saves_and_retrieves_task(): void
    {
        $repository = new EloquentTaskRepository();

        $task = Task::create(
            $repository->nextIdentity(),
            Title::fromString('Test'),
            Priority::high()
        );

        $repository->save($task);

        $retrieved = $repository->findById($task->id());

        $this->assertNotNull($retrieved);
        $this->assertTrue($task->id()->equals($retrieved->id()));
    }
}

Interfaces Layer Tests (Feature Tests) 

class CreateTaskControllerTest extends TestCase
{
    public function test_creates_task_via_api(): void
    {
        $response = $this->postJson('/api/tasks', [
            'title' => 'New task',
            'priority' => 'high'
        ]);

        $response->assertStatus(201)
            ->assertJsonStructure([
                'data' => ['id', 'title', 'priority', 'completed']
            ]);

        $this->assertDatabaseHas('tasks', [
            'title' => 'New task',
            'priority' => 'high'
        ]);
    }
}

When to Use DDD (and When Not To)

✅ Use DDD When:

  • Complex business rules that change frequently
  • Multiple developers on the team
  • Project lifespan > 6 months
  • High test coverage required
  • Need to switch persistence layer later
  • Business logic is the core value

❌ Don't Use DDD When:

  • Simple CRUD operations
  • Prototypes or MVPs with tight deadlines
  • Solo developer on small project
  • Project lifespan < 3 months
  • Learning Laravel (master basics first)

Resources and Next Steps

What to Learn Next

If you want to go deeper with DDD in Laravel:

  1. Aggregates: Group multiple entities under one root
  2. Specifications: Complex query logic in the domain
  3. CQRS: Separate read and write models
  4. Event Sourcing: Store events instead of state
  5. Bounded Contexts: Multiple domains in one app

Recommended Reading

  • "Domain-Driven Design" by Eric Evans - The original book
  • "Implementing Domain-Driven Design" by Vaughn Vernon - Practical guide
  • Laravel Beyond CRUD by Brent Roose - DDD in Laravel context

Conclusion

After implementing DDD on multiple Laravel projects, I can confidently say it's been a game-changer for complex applications.

The key takeaways:

  1. Separate business logic from framework - Your domain should be pure PHP
  2. Use Value Objects extensively - They make invalid states unrepresentable
  3. Keep controllers thin - They should only validate and call use cases
  4. Test domain logic without database - It's faster and more reliable
  5. Don't over-engineer - Use DDD only when complexity justifies it

The real benefit isn't the architecture itself - it's the clarity it brings to your codebase. Every developer knows exactly where to look and where to add new code.

Yes, it requires more upfront work. But I save that time tenfold during maintenance and evolution.


This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by A0mineTV


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