This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by Cristian Sifuentes
Language Models in Action: How AI Understands Text
In the age of AI, understanding how large language models (LLMs) work is more than just curiosity—it's essential. These models, like GPT (used in ChatGPT), rely on deep neural networks to turn language into numbers, identify meaningful patterns, and predict what comes next with surprising accuracy.
In this article, we’ll break down:
- What “attention” means in AI
- How text is transformed into numeric vectors
- How neural networks train with language data
- Why randomness improves creativity
- What RLHF (Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback) is all about
Let’s dive in.
What Is Attention in AI?
“Attention” allows language models to focus on important words in a sentence rather than treating each word equally.
For example:
"The cat meows and the dog..."
Most likely continuation? “barks.” Attention mechanisms help the model make that prediction by linking “dog” with its likely verb based on surrounding words.
Behind the scenes, this process uses vectors and probability matrices to filter relevant data and weigh the importance of each token. This increases efficiency and improves contextual understanding.
🔢 How Language Becomes Numbers
Before models can process language, text is tokenized into subwords, syllables, or characters. These tokens are embedded in high-dimensional space:
- Words like "cat," "dog," "wolf" are close together—semantic similarity
- Tense variations like "walk" and "ran" cluster by grammatical role
These vectorized tokens allow models to calculate distances, perform arithmetic on language, and recognize subtle relationships.
Neural Networks: Training Language Intelligence
Language models train on huge text corpora—from websites to books to social posts. Through this:
- Models predict the next token using previous context
- Weights between neurons are adjusted via backpropagation
- Loss functions guide how well the model is learning
Typical Training Setup
- 70% of the dataset is used for training
- 30% for testing and validation
During training, the network tunes millions (or billions) of parameters to capture language structure.
Why Use Randomness in Responses?
Although models predict the “most probable” next word, repeating that exactly would lead to boring, robotic outputs. That’s where temperature comes in:
- Low temperature: deterministic, accurate
- High temperature: creative, exploratory
By introducing controlled randomness, AI responses become varied—even poetic.
What Is RLHF?
Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) is how AI learns from humans.
Instead of just training on static data:
- Humans rate responses for quality, safety, and helpfulness
- Models adjust to align with human values and intent
This results in more engaging, ethical, and useful conversations.
OpenAI and others use RLHF extensively to refine chat models like ChatGPT and enhance real-world alignment.
Key Concepts Recap
| Concept | Description |
|---|---|
| Attention | Focuses on context-relevant words |
| Tokenization | Splits text into subunits for processing |
| Embeddings | Places tokens in high-dimensional space |
| Neural Networks | Predict next tokens and learn patterns |
| Temperature | Adds randomness to avoid repetitive outputs |
| RLHF | Fine-tunes models using human feedback |
Final Thoughts
Today’s most powerful AIs aren’t magic—they’re math. They work through structured prediction, neural learning, and context modeling. But with human feedback and clever architecture, they get impressively close to human-like understanding.
If you’re diving into AI, mastering these foundations sets the stage for deeper study and innovation.
✍️ Written by: Cristian Sifuentes – Full-stack dev crafting scalable apps with [NET - Azure], [Angular - React], Git, SQL & extensions. Clean code, dark themes, atomic commits
#ai #gpt2 #transformers #nlp #ai #chatgpt4o
This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by Cristian Sifuentes
Cristian Sifuentes | Sciencx (2025-06-28T22:56:40+00:00) How Language Models Work: From Attention to Human Feedback. Retrieved from https://www.scien.cx/2025/06/28/how-language-models-work-from-attention-to-human-feedback/
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